D.C Motor
An electrical device used to convert electrical energy inta mechanical energy.
An electrical device used to convert electrical energy inta mechanical energy.
Working Principle :-
Torque is produced in a current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field.
Torque is produced in a current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field.
Construction: -
→Power radial magnet.
→Rectangular coil of many turns.
→Spindal.
→Copper split rings.
→Carbon brushes.
→Battery.
→Power radial magnet.
→Rectangular coil of many turns.
→Spindal.
→Copper split rings.
→Carbon brushes.
→Battery.
Carbon brushes: -
It takes the current from battery and deliver it to coil.
It takes the current from battery and deliver it to coil.
Split rings:-
Are used to change the current in the faces of coil after each haif cycle. so, to rotate the coil in same direction. (means to produce torque in the same direction) .
Are used to change the current in the faces of coil after each haif cycle. so, to rotate the coil in same direction. (means to produce torque in the same direction) .
D.C motor diagram elaborates it well,it is given given below.
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A.C Generator
An device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Working Principle :-
Farady's law of magnetic induction.
Farady's law of magnetic induction.
Construction: -
→Power radial magnet.
→Spindal.
→Rectangular coil of many turns.
→Copper slip rings.
→Carbon brushes.
→Galvanometer.
→Power radial magnet.
→Spindal.
→Rectangular coil of many turns.
→Copper slip rings.
→Carbon brushes.
→Galvanometer.
Working: -
Its working can be studied using e.m.f vs time figure of A.C generator.
Its working can be studied using e.m.f vs time figure of A.C generator.
The Diagram of A.C generator is given which will make this topic easy to understand.
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Important laws:-
☞⊙Lens Law:-
"The direction of an induced current is always such that it opposes the cause that produce it".
☞⊙Faradys Law:-
"The induced e.m.f produce in a closed circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of flux. "
☞€ proportional △Q/△t
☞⊙Joules Law:-
"Amount of heat energy generated in resistance due to flow of electric current is equal to the product of square of current I,the resistance R and time duration t."
☞W=I^2Rt
☞⊙Fleming left hand rule:-
"Fleming stretch the thumb,forefinger and middle finger of the left hand which were perpendicular to each other and if forefinger shows direction of magnetic field and middle finger shows direction of current then thumb indicates the direction of force acting on the conductor."
⊙Snells Law:-
When ray of light enters from ane particular medium to other then ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant.
☞⊙Mathematicaly:-
☞⊙Lens Law:-
"The direction of an induced current is always such that it opposes the cause that produce it".
☞⊙Faradys Law:-
"The induced e.m.f produce in a closed circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of flux. "
☞€ proportional △Q/△t
☞⊙Joules Law:-
"Amount of heat energy generated in resistance due to flow of electric current is equal to the product of square of current I,the resistance R and time duration t."
☞W=I^2Rt
☞⊙Fleming left hand rule:-
"Fleming stretch the thumb,forefinger and middle finger of the left hand which were perpendicular to each other and if forefinger shows direction of magnetic field and middle finger shows direction of current then thumb indicates the direction of force acting on the conductor."
⊙Snells Law:-
When ray of light enters from ane particular medium to other then ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant.
☞⊙Mathematicaly:-
n= sine i /sine r
⊙Ohm's Law:-
"The current passing through any crossection of a conductor is directly proportion to the applied potential difference provided,the physical state of the conductet is not changed."
☞⊙Mathematicaly:-
V proportional to I
V=IR
Where 'R' is the constant of proportionality and is called ,the resistance of the conductor.
⊙Weber fechner law:-
"The loudness of sound is indirectly proportional to the log10 of intensity of sound."
☞⊙Mathematicaly:-
If 'I' is the intensity of sound then the loudness of sound is
L proportional log10 I
L=K log 10 I
⊙Principle of floatation:-
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House safety alarm:-
Now you can catch the burglar:-
We can use single NAND gate to make burglar alarm. This can be done by using NAND gate (combination of NOT and AND gate ),an LDR (light depending resistor), a push button Switch S and an alarm on picture attached.
Cinnect LDR between NAND gate input B and rhe positive terminal of the battery.
The LDR will cause a High level input '1' at B when in light because of its Low resistance. The LDR will cause a low level input '0' at B when light is interrupted and cause high resistance in LDR .
A low level signal is also caused at A when burglar steps on switch S.
si this burglar alarm sound when either burglar interrupts light falling on LDR or steps on switch S.
CATHODE RAYS OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O):-
Definition : -
Simple Harmonic Motion :-
☞⊙Mathematicaly:-
If 'I' is the intensity of sound then the loudness of sound is
L proportional log10 I
L=K log 10 I
⊙Law of Conservation of Momentem:-
The momentem of an isolated system of two ormorethantwo interacting bodies rmains constant.
☞⊙Mathematicaly:-
MV + mv =0
Or
MV = - mv
Hence
V= - m/M × v
⊙Law of Gravitation:-
Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is directly propottional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.
☞⊙Mathematicaly:-
F=G ( m1m2 / d^2 )
⊙Pascals Law :-
Pressure applied at any point af a liquid enclosed in a container, is transmitted without loss to all other parts of the liquid.
⊙Archimedes Principle:-
When an object is totally or partially immersed
In a liquid, an upthrust acts on it equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces.
⊙Principle of floatation:-
A floating object displaces a fluid having weight equal to the weight of the object.
⊙Hooke's Law:-
The strain produced in a body by the stress applied to it ,is directly proportional to the stress within the elastic limit of the body .
☞⊙Mathematicaly:-
Stress proportional strain
Stress = constant × strain
Stress/strain = Constant
Transformer:-
DEFINITION: -
A devise used to increase or decrease the A.C voltage.
PRINCIPLE :-
The device works on the principle of mutual induction.
CONSTRUCTION: -
It consist if a soft iron core upon which are waunded two separate layers of coils.
The coil into which current is sent is called primary coil and other secondary coil.on picture (1)
WORKING: -
When the A.C current, passes through the primary coil,the changing magnetic fueld lines also passes through the secondary coil and according to farady's law e.m.f is induced in the secondary coil.
If Np and Ns are the Number of turns in primary and secondary coil respectively, and Vp and Vs are the voltage across primary and secondary coil respectively, then the transformer equation is (on picture 2 )
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns or Vs/Vp = Ns/ Np
If Vs >Vp ; then the transformer is called step up transformers.
If Vs < Vp ; then the transformer is called step down transformer.
DEFINITION: -
A devise used to increase or decrease the A.C voltage.
PRINCIPLE :-
The device works on the principle of mutual induction.
CONSTRUCTION: -
It consist if a soft iron core upon which are waunded two separate layers of coils.
The coil into which current is sent is called primary coil and other secondary coil.on picture (1)
WORKING: -
When the A.C current, passes through the primary coil,the changing magnetic fueld lines also passes through the secondary coil and according to farady's law e.m.f is induced in the secondary coil.
If Np and Ns are the Number of turns in primary and secondary coil respectively, and Vp and Vs are the voltage across primary and secondary coil respectively, then the transformer equation is (on picture 2 )
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns or Vs/Vp = Ns/ Np
If Vs >Vp ; then the transformer is called step up transformers.
If Vs < Vp ; then the transformer is called step down transformer.
House safety alarm:-
Now you can catch the burglar:-
We can use single NAND gate to make burglar alarm. This can be done by using NAND gate (combination of NOT and AND gate ),an LDR (light depending resistor), a push button Switch S and an alarm on picture attached.
Cinnect LDR between NAND gate input B and rhe positive terminal of the battery.
The LDR will cause a High level input '1' at B when in light because of its Low resistance. The LDR will cause a low level input '0' at B when light is interrupted and cause high resistance in LDR .
A low level signal is also caused at A when burglar steps on switch S.
si this burglar alarm sound when either burglar interrupts light falling on LDR or steps on switch S.
CATHODE RAYS OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O):-
Definition : -
A device used to measure and compare time period, magnitude and amplitude.
Construction: -
(1) Electron gun:- To produce beam of electron
(2) Grid :- To control brightness
Construction: -
(1) Electron gun:- To produce beam of electron
(2) Grid :- To control brightness
(3) Deflecting System: - To make beam straight by (x,y) plates
(4) Screen :-A flourosent screen made of phosphorus
(4) Screen :-A flourosent screen made of phosphorus
Simple Harmonic Motion :-
The type of vibratory motion in which acceleration produce in a body is directly proportional to the displacement on either side of mean position and is always directed towards its mean position.
Mathematically:-
a proportional -x
Conditions of S.H.M :-
Mathematically:-
a proportional -x
Conditions of S.H.M :-
(1)There must be elasticity in a body
(2) Restoring force
(3) Inertia
Example:-
(3) Inertia
Example:-
(1)Mass spring system
(2)Simple pendulum
(3) Ball and bowl system
(2)Simple pendulum
(3) Ball and bowl system
Coulombs Law
LAW:-
The force of attraction or repulsion b/w 2 point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/w them.
Mathematicaly:-
F proportional q1q2 -eq (1)
F proportional 1/r^2 -eq (2)
Combining eq 1 and 2 we get
F=k q1q2/r^2
F proportional q1q2 -eq (1)
F proportional 1/r^2 -eq (2)
Combining eq 1 and 2 we get
F=k q1q2/r^2
Here f is force q1 and q2 are charges and r is the distance taken in square.k is coulombs constant.
K:- The SI unit value of k is 9×10^9 Nm^2c^-2
K:- The SI unit value of k is 9×10^9 Nm^2c^-2
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